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The Largest Country in the World
During the early 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow began to build a sphere of influence in Western Russia. Utilizing the Russian Orthodox Church, Ivan the Great organized a resistance to the rule of the Mongol-Tatars who controlled much of the region. In the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, his forces were able to throw off the invaders and build the foundation of the Russian Empire, eventually annexing Tver and Novgorod. With the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow became the new center of the eastern world. Ivan the Terrible was crowned Tsar of Russia in 1547. He annexed Kazan and Astrakhan and turned Russia into a multiethnic nation. In 1550, a new code of laws was formed, establishing the first feudal system in Russia. He also launched the Livonian War. Ultimately, a coalition of Lithuania, Poland and Sweden was mobilized against the fledgling Russian Empire. Battles raged for years over access to the Baltic coast and trading regions. Besides the heavy military losses, the countryside was ravaged by a series of epidemics and continued famine from poor harvests. This culminated in a battle with the Crimean Tatars who were able to burn down the city of Moscow. After his death and the untimely death of his cons, civil war ravaged the nation. Famine continued and the early 1600s became known as the Time of Troubles. Despite this, the nation continued to expand, establishing settlements in Eastern Siberia, along the Amur River, onto the Chukchi Peninsula and onto the Pacific coast itself. In 1648, Russian explorers identified the Bering Strait, another access point to the North American continent. The Romanov dynasty continued to reign. Peter the Great led the nation into a world power. He took control of the Tsardom in 1682, he was victorious in the Great Northern War against Sweden, gaining more territory, securing access to the sea. He built St. Petersburg and began establishing Western European cultural changes. When Catherine the Great took power in 1762, she solidified the country as one of the great powers of Europe. She organized an alliance with Prussia and Austria in an effort to stand against Napoleon's forces on their march across Europe. Catherine also annexed much of the territory of Poland and Lithuania, expanding heavily into the west. These gains continued into the early 19th century with the defeat of Turkey. The Russian Empire was faced with a great challenge when Napoleon's armies stormed into the country in 1812. However, after raising the largest army in known history, Napoleon was destroyed by the cold Russian winter with 95 percent of his forces perishing. This conflict created great social upheaval within the nation, bringing liberalism to the leadership. In 1825, an attempted revolution known as the Decembrist Revolt failed to overthrow the monarchy and created years of political repression. Serfdom continued under Nicolas I, causing the increased development across the rest of the industrialized world to grow stagnant in Russia. Alexander II, who came to power in 1855 abolished serfdom. This caused further industrialization, Alexander III, his son, failed to capitalize on these advancements. When Nicholas II came to power, the harsh working conditions in factories gave rise to a burgeoning socialist movement. In January 1905, striking workers were fired upon by the Tsar's troops. This first revolution established many reforms that Nicholas II has to deal with, including a legislative branch. Failure in the Russo-Japanese War, further famine and a cholera epidemic spurred further unrest. Ultimately, the onset of World War I and the deaths of countless Russian troops gave way to the Bolshevik Revolution that brought about civil war and the ultimate rise of the Communist Party. For more information on Moscow, Russia visit http://russiamicroblog.com and http://moscowmicroblog.com
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